中国的傈僳族总人口有63万,主要分布在云南省怒江、迪庆、丽江、德宏、保山、昆明、楚雄等地区。除中国外,缅甸、泰国、印度等国家也有傈僳族居住,人口约有35万。
老傈僳文大约在1908年~1914年间,由缅甸克伦族讲道者塞耶巴多将罗马字改变了形状后创制。后来,英国传教士富能仁与傈僳族基督教教牧人员进一步修改和完善了这种文字。目前,在傈僳族人口中,大约有20万人使用老傈僳文。
老傈僳文广泛应用于教育、出版、宣传、宗教等各个领域。早在1952~1959年间,中央民族大学民语系就招收了傈僳语专业的本科学生。1978年,云南民族大学民语系开设了傈僳文专业大专班,1980年开设了本科班。1985年,怒江州中等师范学校开设了傈僳文中专班。这些学校经过长期努力,培养了大批的中高级傈僳文专业人才。在出版方面,1952年,云南人民出版社出版了《我们伟大的祖国》傈僳文画册。1957年云南民族出版社成立后,设立了傈僳文编辑室。1981年,德宏州成立了德宏民族出版社,也设立了傈僳文编辑室。这些机构编辑出版了大量的老傈僳文读物。如《傈汉词典》、《傈僳族风俗歌集成》、《傈僳文识字课本》、《汉傈新词术语集》(1、2)、《法律常识读本》、《祭天古歌》(上、下册)、《养猪知识》、《花椒栽培技术》、小学一到三年级《语文》课本上、下册共6 本等。其中,云南省民语委和怒江州民语委联合编写的《傈僳文识字课本》(1994年版),是中国政府有关部门组织各地从事傈僳族语言文字方面的专家学者经过充分讨论,最后达成一致意见后出版的,先后共发行了14.5万册。在宣传方面,1957年10月,云南人民广播电台开办了傈僳语广播。1954年,德宏州《团结报》创刊,傈僳文版也同时出版。1983年,《怒江报》创刊,同时出版了老傈僳文版,深受傈僳族同胞的欢迎。在宗教方面,用老傈僳文出版有《圣经》、《赞美诗》等。
老傈僳文记录和总结了傈僳人民在长期生产生活中积累的丰富经验和成果,是极其珍贵的文化遗产。
老傈僳文共有40个字母,其中30 个辅音是用22个拉丁大写字母正反、颠倒形式表示的。10 个元音是用6 个字母的正反形式表示。
1. 字母表。
b üby p üpy P üphy d üdy t üty T üthy g ügy K üky K ükhy j üdüy c ütty C ütthy z üdzy f ütsy F ütshy m üm y nüny l üly s üZy r üZy R üzy V ü, y v ühy h üxy Gü(y Jüfy wüwy xü ty y üüy BüFAy aüAy AüEy eüey EüOy iüiy oüoy uüuy Uüyy Lüμy Dü9y
2. 30个辅音字母。
b üby p üpy P üphy d üdy t üty T ü thy g ügy
K ük y K ükhy j üdüy c ütty C ütth y üdz y f üts y
F ütshy m üm y n ün y l ül y s üZ y r üZy R üzy
V ü,y v üh y h üxy G ü (y Jüf y wüwy xü ty
y üüy BüFAy
辅音字母后面除非有元音字母,否则本身都带有 [ɑ] 元音。音节开首的元音字母都带有不标出来的喉塞起音(L? old lisu letter uh 及 D? old lisu letter eh 例外,带有不标的 [μ] 起音)。字母 B? gha 有时既是元音字母,有时又是辅音字母。如:B.ci Ku: a.B. 字母 G? ha 及 v? han 实代表同一音位,但用于不同场合:前者只出现于一个句末的命令助词中,而后者则在其他情况中出现,并将整个音节鼻化起来。
关于老傈僳文字母的样式,有些字母可能跟某些拉丁字符相仿,但基于下列因素,整套傈僳文字母最好有其独立编码:
(1)特性迥异:老傈僳文没有大小写之分,但拉丁文有。若将二者合拼编码,则会画蛇添足,替老傈僳文添加了傈僳人看不懂、对他们毫无意义的小写拉丁字母。除非所有软件都能被特别剪裁,保证没有任何处理老傈僳文的进程会把大写拉丁字母对换成小写,合拼编码实不能被接受。根据TUS 5.0第5.18节(第186–187页),这些剪裁可直接透过软件编程来实施,但由于这会改变ASCII码内所有大写字母的大小写特性,影响深远,有人会为一个少数族群而这样做的机会实在微乎其微。
(2)文字的整体性:40 个字母在老傈僳文中构成一个整体,而其中只有部分(25个)可被考虑与拉丁文合拼。合拼编码将破坏整体,并导致其余的字母如 A? ae 及 U? ue 等被强行加进拉丁文里,而这些字母只在老傈僳文中使用,并无其他应用场合。
(3)视觉混肴:由于国际码要求大写对换小写的关系保持不变,合拼编码将制造根本不存在的颠倒小写字母,而其中部分与某些没有颠倒的字母简直相似得令人混肴,例如:d与颠倒的p、e与颠倒的E、n与颠倒的u等。这明显与合拼编码的目的背道而驰。
值得留意的是在Cherokee 文字中(U+13A0..U+13FF)有超过20 个字符跟拉丁字母相仿,但二者却并没有合拼编码。故此,整个老傈僳文字母表理应独立编码(U+0800..U+0877)。
3. 10个元音字母。
aüAy AüEy eüey EüOy iüiy
oüoy uüuy Uüyy Lüμy Dü9y
字母 w wa 及y? ya 既是辅音同时又是元音。 y与 E o u组成复合元音。如 yE yo yu .
4. 声调
老傈僳文有6个声调,是用6 个符号来表示的。声调符号如:
. 表示高平调55 Y表示中平调33
, 表示中升调 35 ; 表示中降调42
H 表示次高平调 44 : 表示低降调31
声调符号名称 . myH ti. , n.poH H myHcy. Y myHboY
; myHn. : myHjEY
声调字母放在音节后面以表声调。tone mya ti、tone na po、tone mya jeu,以及tone mya na虽看似拉丁标点符号,但理应独立编码(U+0878..U+087B),因为他们特性不同:声调字母属于字的一部分(gc=Lm),而拉丁标点符号则不然(gc=Po)。除非所有软件都被特别剪裁,否则合拼编码将令诸如字的选择及整字搜寻等文字处理进程不能断定字的边界。
老傈僳文声调字母tone mya cya及tone mya bo 用以下字符串代表:
H mya cya = ?. mya ti + ?. mya ti
??Y mya bo = ?. mya ti + ?, na po
复合声调也有出现(图5),可用以上六个单声调组成复合声调。如 .; ,; .: ,: H: 但是,现在只有“ ,; ”复合声调还在使用外,其他的复合声调几乎都很不使用了。以下是一些例子:
??.: 1-5调 = ?. mya ti + ?: mya jeu
??,: 2-5调 = ?, na po + ?: mya jeu
??H: 3-5调 = ?. mya ti + ?. mya ti + :? mya jeu
??Y: 4-5调 = ?. mya ti + ? ,na po + ?: mya jeu
请留意声调串 ?H:?? 与问句的结束语气一致,传统上被放在句末表示疑问(后面通常还带有 =? punctuation full stop,详见图9),但自80年代以来已被欧式问号question mark取代。
5.其他字母. ’? nasalisation mark放在元音后面使其鼻化,例如 o’ü???]‘鹅’。O 符号一般都有A??的读音,读 [ɑ] 但没有喉塞起音的元音 O? a glide在谓语后面表示不同动态,例如:nu jeYOVoYünu33<e33@44No33y “你会去”。goYlEY VOmiYügo33lO33N@44@3?mi33y “但是”。这两个字母在形态和特性上分别与U+02BC ? modifier letter apostrophe及U+02CD ? modifier letter low macron相似,但基于下列因素,最好还是独立编码(U+087C..U+087D):
??
(1)字形有别:在字体里它们跟U+02BC及U+02CD并不一样,尤其是old lisu letter a glide 位于底线上,而modifier letter low macron 则在底线以下。
(2)文字的整体性:它们与声调字母及标点符号构成一整套老傈僳文专用的符号。
6. 数字. 老傈僳文并没有数字。傈僳人用阿拉伯数字来表示。
7. 标点符号. I? old lisu punctuation comma及 =? old lisu punctuation full stop 分别表示句子中较小和较大程度的完结。它们可能看似拉丁标点符号/符号串,但由于它们是整套老傈僳文符号的一部分,为了保存文字的整体性,最好还是与其他老傈僳文符号一起编码。以下是个别针对这两个字符的更多考虑因素:
U+087E ? punctuation comma:其中一个可能的编码方法是以字符串<U+002D, U+002E>代表,但有鉴于以下因素,这方法并不可取:
(1)字形有别:此符号有数种不同的写法,而此方案所采用的代表字形只是其中一种而尔。图1及图2展示了另一种写法,一横一点都在同一水平上。图4展示了又一种字形选择,将一点放在一横下但右边对齐。这说明punctuation comma具有独立身份。
(2)特性迥异:若此符号以字符串来代表,则不能被正确地当作一个单位来处理。就算根据UAX #14(LB21: × HY; Pair Table: HY ^ IS)换行可正确处理,字的边界也不能正确断定,特别是根据UAX #29(WB14: Any ÷ Any),该字符串会被视为两个字而非一个。这当然并不理想,除非所有程式都能被特别剪裁,将字符串视作一个单位。
U+087F ? punctuation full stop:虽然它看似U+003D = equals sign,但二者不能合拼,因为它们具有不同的文字处理特性。前者为句末标点(gc=Po),不容许在标点前面换行(lb=EX),而后者是具有字母换行属性(lb=AL)的符号(gc=Sm)。除非所有程式都能被特别剪裁,否则合拼编码并不是一个好的解决方案。
老傈僳文也采用欧式标点符号如question mark、exclamation mark、parentheses、quotation mark及hyphen等。hyphen用来分隔专有名词内的音节。(根据国际码标准5.0,由于hyphen-minus 意义含糊,所以用hyphen 较为合适。)
8. 换行. 属于下列字母组中的任何两个串连字母中间都不能换行:
{字母表内的字母、声调字母、old lisu letter a glide、old lisu letter nasalisation mark}
在标点符号之前,无论有多少空白字符,一律不能换行。老傈僳文不设跨行连字。
9.分字. 属于上列字母组中的任何两个串连字母都同属一个字,不能分开。
10.排列次序. 老傈僳文字母的排列次序一般是浊音、不送气的清音、送气的清音,只有在字母Gü%y以下的排列次序稍微有些不同,有些把J放在w的前面。《傈僳文识字课本》、《傈汉小词典》、《学前傈僳文教材》(上册)、傈僳文小学课本《语文》的排列都是一致的。因此,本方案建议使用最普遍的老傈僳文字母排列次序。
? tone mya ti U+0878 < ? tone na po U+0879 < [? tone mya ti U+0878 ? tone mya ti U+0878] < [? tone mya ti U+0878 ? tone na po U+0879] < ? tone mya jeu U+087A < ? tone mya na U+087B < ? a glide U+087C < ? nasalisation mark U+087D < ? ba U+0850 < ? pa U+0851 < ? pha U+0852 < ? da U+0853 < ? ta U+0854 < ? tha U+0855 < ? ga U+0856 < ? ka U+0857 < ? kha U+0858 < ? ja U+0859 < ? ca U+085A < ? cha U+085B < ? dza U+085C < ? tsa U+085D < ? tsha U+085E < ? ma U+085F < ? na U+0860 < ? la U+0861 < ? sa U+0862 < ? zha U+0863 < ? za U+0864 < ? nga U+0865 < ? han U+0866 < ? xa U+0867 < ? ha U+0868 < ? fa U+0869 < ? wa U+086A < ? sha U+086B < ? ya U+086C < ? a U+086D < ? ae U+086E < ? e U+086F < ? eu U+0870 < ? i U+0871 < ? o U+0872 < ? u U+0873 < ? ue U+0874 < ? uh U+0875 < ? eh U+0876 < ? gha U+0877
11.其他事宜. 有人担心某些老傈僳文与拉丁字符的相似会容许伪造国际域名(IDN)。以下几点乃有关回应:
(1)所有IDN都得被对换成小写字母方能检索。由于老傈僳文没有大小写之分,对换后所得的字串跟本来的完全一样,而拉丁字母则全变为小写,这样便很容易将二者区分。
(2)现时并无任何标准制定IDN应如何实施,每个域管理员都自行设定域内的条例,什么才算伪造国际域名根本没有清楚界定。如果某个域管理员认为老傈僳文IDN有问题,他大可以在域中禁止混合老傈僳文和拉丁文的IDN,甚或完全禁止老傈僳文字符的出现。况且,会考虑容许老傈僳文IDN的域管理员极可能只有中国,或许还有缅甸、泰国和印度,但可能性不大,而就算是这些国家也并不预期需要老傈僳文的IDN。
(3)合拼编码旨在避免视觉混肴,但正如错误!未找到引用源。末段所述(第4页),这样做反而制造了根本不存在的字符,而它们与现有的字符如出一辙,产生令人无法容忍的混肴。这将容许合拼编码本来想避免的伪造IDN情况,而且问题还变得更为严重。
从以上所见,老傈僳文独立编码远较合拼编码为佳,因后者只会令事情变得更糟。
12. 国际码字符属性. 字母表内每个字母的一般类别(general category)均为Lo。
0850;OLD LISU LETTER BA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0851;OLD LISU LETTER PA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0852;OLD LISU LETTER PHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0853;OLD LISU LETTER DA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0854;OLD LISU LETTER TA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0855;OLD LISU LETTER THA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0856;OLD LISU LETTER GA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0857;OLD LISU LETTER KA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0858;OLD LISU LETTER KHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0859;OLD LISU LETTER JA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
085A;OLD LISU LETTER CA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
085B;OLD LISU LETTER CHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
085C;OLD LISU LETTER DZA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
085D;OLD LISU LETTER TSA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
085E;OLD LISU LETTER TSHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
085F;OLD LISU LETTER MA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0860;OLD LISU LETTER NA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0861;OLD LISU LETTER LA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0862;OLD LISU LETTER SA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0863;OLD LISU LETTER ZHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0864;OLD LISU LETTER ZA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0865;OLD LISU LETTER NGA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0866;OLD LISU LETTER HAN;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0867;OLD LISU LETTER XA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0868;OLD LISU LETTER HA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0869;OLD LISU LETTER FA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
086A;OLD LISU LETTER WA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
086B;OLD LISU LETTER SHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
086C;OLD LISU LETTER YA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
086D;OLD LISU LETTER A;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
086E;OLD LISU LETTER AE;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
086F;OLD LISU LETTER E;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0870;OLD LISU LETTER EU;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0871;OLD LISU LETTER I;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0872;OLD LISU LETTER O;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0873;OLD LISU LETTER U;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0874;OLD LISU LETTER UE;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0875;OLD LISU LETTER UH;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0876;OLD LISU LETTER EH;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0877;OLD LISU LETTER GHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0878;OLD LISU LETTER TONE MYA TI;Lm;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
0879;OLD LISU LETTER TONE NA PO;Lm;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
087A;OLD LISU LETTER TONE MYA JEU;Lm;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
087B;OLD LISU LETTER TONE MYA NA;Lm;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
087C;OLD LISU LETTER A GLIDE;Lm;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
087D;OLD LISU LETTER NASALISATION MARK;Lm;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
087E;OLD LISU PUNCTUATION COMMA;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
087F;OLD LISU PUNCTUATION FULL STOP;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
13. 码表(附后).
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祝发清.1984.傈汉小词典.德宏:德宏民族出版社.
祝发清编.1995.牧歌.昆明:云南民族出版社.
云南省少数民族语文指导工作委员会编.1998. 云南省志.少数民族语言文字志.昆明:云南人民出版社.
云南省少数民族语文指导工作委员会、怒江州民语委编写.1994.傈僳文识字课本.昆明:云南民族出版社.
鸣谢
此项目在世界少数民族语文研究院(SIL)协助下进行,其中SIL东亚部的卓耀荣先生负责主要研究工作及草拟方案,而SIL非拉丁字符部的Martin Hosken 则提供技术指引。特别感谢著名傈僳及相关语言学者David Bradley提供宝贵意见、语料和参考资料。母语为傈僳语的专家David Morse也提供了宝贵的老傈僳文资讯、字体和语料,谨此深表谢意。
TABLE XX- Row 08: OLD LISU
| 085 | 086 | 087 |
0 | ? | ? | ? |
1 | ? | ? | ? |
2 | ? | ? | ? |
3 | ? | ? | ? |
4 | ? | ? | ? |
5 | ? | ? | ? |
6 | ? | ? | ? |
7 | ? | ? | ? |
8 | ? | ? | ? |
9 | ? | ? | ? |
A | ? | ? | ? |
B | ? | ? | ? |
C | ? | ? | ? |
D | ? | ? | ? |
E | ? | ? | ? |
F | ? | ? | ? |
TABLE XX - Row 08: OLD LISU
hex | Name |
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F
| OLD LISU LETTER BA OLD LISU LETTER PA OLD LISU LETTER PHA OLD LISU LETTER DA OLD LISU LETTER TA OLD LISU LETTER THA OLD LISU LETTER GA OLD LISU LETTER KA OLD LISU LETTER KHA OLD LISU LETTER JA OLD LISU LETTER CA OLD LISU LETTER CHA OLD LISU LETTER DZA OLD LISU LETTER TSA OLD LISU LETTER TSHA OLD LISU LETTER MA OLD LISU LETTER NA OLD LISU LETTER LA OLD LISU LETTER SA OLD LISU LETTER ZHA OLD LISU LETTER ZA OLD LISU LETTER NGA OLD LISU LETTER HAN OLD LISU LETTER XA OLD LISU LETTER HA OLD LISU LETTER FA OLD LISU LETTER WA OLD LISU LETTER SHA OLD LISU LETTER YA OLD LISU LETTER A OLD LISU LETTER AE OLD LISU LETTER E OLD LISU LETTER EU OLD LISU LETTER I OLD LISU LETTER O OLD LISU LETTER U OLD LISU LETTER UE OLD LISU LETTER UH OLD LISU LETTER EH OLD LISU LETTER GHA OLD LISU LETTER TONE MYA TI OLD LISU LETTER TONE NA PO OLD LISU LETTER TONE MYA JEU OLD LISU LETTER TONE MYA NA OLD LISU LETTER A GLIDE OLD LISU LETTER NASALISATION MARK OLD LISU PUNCTUATION COMMA OLD LISU PUNCTUATION FULL STOP |
hex | Name |
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图例
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ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2
PROPOSAL SUMMARY FORM TO ACCOMPANY SUBMISSIONS
FOR ADDITIONS TO THE REPERTOIRE OF ISO/IEC 10646TP[1]PT
Please fill all the sections A, B and C below.
Please read Principles and Procedures Document (P & P) from HTUhttp://www.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/principles.html UTH for guidelines and details before filling this form.
Please ensure you are using the latest Form from HTUhttp://www.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/summaryform.htmlUTH.
See also HTUhttp://www.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/roadmaps.html UTH for latest Roadmaps.
A. Administrative
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1. Title: | Proposal to encode the Old Lisu script in the BMP of the UCS |
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2. Requester's name: |
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3. Requester type (Member body/Liaison/Individual contribution): | Member body |
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4. Submission date: | 2007-07-27 |
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5. Requester's reference (if applicable): | CN/07-003 |
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6. Choose one of the following: |
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| This is a complete proposal: | Yes |
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| (or) More information will be provided later: |
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B. Technical – General
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1. Choose one of the following: |
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| a. This proposal is for a new script (set of characters): | Yes |
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| Proposed name of script: | Old Lisu (Fraser) |
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| b. The proposal is for addition of character(s) to an existing block: |
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| Name of the existing block: |
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2. Number of characters in proposal: | 48 |
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3. Proposed category (select one from below - see section 2.2 of P&P document): |
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| A-Contemporary | X | B.1-Specialized (small collection) |
| B.2-Specialized (large collection) |
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| C-Major extinct |
| D-Attested extinct |
| E-Minor extinct |
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| F-Archaic Hieroglyphic or Ideographic |
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| G-Obscure or questionable usage symbols |
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4. Is a repertoire including character names provided? | Yes |
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| a. If YES, are the names in accordance with the “character naming guidelines” |
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| in Annex L of P&P document? | Yes |
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| b. Are the character shapes attached in a legible form suitable for review? | Yes |
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5. Who will provide the appropriate computerized font (ordered preference: True Type, or PostScript format) for |
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| publishing the standard? | David Morse |
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| If available now, identify source(s) for the font (include address, e-mail, ftp-site, etc.) and indicate the tools |
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| used: |
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6. References: |
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| a. Are references (to other character sets, dictionaries, descriptive texts etc.) provided? | Yes |
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| b. Are published examples of use (such as samples from newspapers, magazines, or other sources) |
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| of proposed characters attached? | Yes |
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7. Special encoding issues: |
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| Does the proposal address other aspects of character data processing (if applicable) such as input, |
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| presentation, sorting, searching, indexing, transliteration etc. (if yes please enclose information)? | Yes |
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| Addressed throughout proposal. |
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8. Additional Information: Submitters are invited to provide any additional information about Properties of the proposed Character(s) or Script that will assist in correct understanding of and correct linguistic processing of the proposed character(s) or script. Examples of such properties are: Casing information, Numeric information, Currency information, Display behaviour information such as line breaks, widths etc., Combining behaviour, Spacing behaviour, Directional behaviour, Default Collation behaviour, relevance in Mark Up contexts, Compatibility equivalence and other Unicode normalization related information. See the Unicode standard at HTUhttp://www.unicode.orgUTH for such information on other scripts. Also see HTUhttp://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UCD.htmlUTH and associated Unicode Technical Reports for information needed for consideration by the Unicode Technical Committee for inclusion in the Unicode Standard. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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C. Technical - Justification
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1. Has this proposal for addition of character(s) been submitted before? | No |
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| If YES explain |
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2. Has contact been made to members of the user community (for example: National Body, |
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| user groups of the script or characters, other experts, etc.)? | Yes |
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| If YES, with whom? |
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| If YES, available relevant documents: |
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3. Information on the user community for the proposed characters (for example: |
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| size, demographics, information technology use, or publishing use) is included? | Yes |
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| Reference: | See section 错误!未找到引用源。 |
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4. The context of use for the proposed characters (type of use; common or rare) | Common |
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| Reference: | Scriptures, commentaries, dictionaries, hymn books, poetry, newspapers, magazines… |
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5. Are the proposed characters in current use by the user community? | Yes |
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| If YES, where? Reference: |
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6. After giving due considerations to the principles in the P&P document must the proposed characters be entirely |
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| in the BMP? | Yes |
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| If YES, is a rationale provided? | Yes |
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| If YES, reference: | It is widely used among the Lisu communities, which number 1 million. |
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7. Should the proposed characters be kept together in a contiguous range (rather than being scattered)? | Yes |
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8. Can any of the proposed characters be considered a presentation form of an existing |
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| character or character sequence? | No |
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| If YES, is a rationale for its inclusion provided? |
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| If YES, reference: |
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9. Can any of the proposed characters be encoded using a composed character sequence of either |
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| existing characters or other proposed characters? | No |
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| If YES, is a rationale for its inclusion provided? |
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| If YES, reference: |
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10. Can any of the proposed character(s) be considered to be similar (in appearance or function) |
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| to an existing character? | Yes |
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| If YES, is a rationale for its inclusion provided? | Yes |
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| If YES, reference: | Although some appear similar to Latin capital letters, this is a different script altogether with different behaviours. Hence, it would be best to encode them as a block. |
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11. Does the proposal include use of combining characters and/or use of composite sequences? | Yes |
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| If YES, is a rationale for such use provided? | Yes |
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| If YES, reference: | Tone mya cya, tone mya jeu, as well as combination tones are encoded as sequences to avoid confusion with pre-composed forms. |
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| Is a list of composite sequences and their corresponding glyph images (graphic symbols) provided? | Yes |
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| If YES, reference: | See section 错误!未找到引用源。 |
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12. Does the proposal contain characters with any special properties such as |
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| control function or similar semantics? | No |
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| If YES, describe in detail (include attachment if necessary) |
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13. Does the proposal contain any Ideographic compatibility character(s)? | No |
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| If YES, is the equivalent corresponding unified ideographic character(s) identified? |
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| If YES, reference: |
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